Physical Science

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Among the most controversial topics in physical science, global warming has received a great deal of attention during the past decade. Given its great impact on both humans and the environment, lawmakers and scientists must heavily weigh the information that they are presented. Explore this debate in more detail by evaluating both the scientific basis of this phenomenon and the human role in global warming.

Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

  1. Compare and contrast natural versus anthropogenic climate changes. Include at least two (2) specific examples of each.
  2. Take a position as to whether or not global warming is taking place. Provide three (3) lines of evidence to support your position.
  3. Assess two (2) current mitigation strategies for global warming, such as carbon sequestration, carbon taxing, clean coal technology, higher fuel efficiency standards, and so on. Analyze the effectiveness of this mitigation strategy, as well as its potential costs and policy implications.
  4. Speculate on the policy changes that you would propose to help stabilize global climate and determine the business sectors or nations that would be held to more strict standards if you were to implement your proposed policies.
  5. Use at least four (4) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.

Your report must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Apply concepts in physical sciences to evaluate current trends and issues in the modern world.
  • Describe the physical processes influencing climate and weather.  
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in physical sciences.
  • Write clearly and concisely about physical sciences using proper writing mechanics.

quiz 1

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Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

A scientist wishes to represent the location of an earthquake in California. Which type of model is most appropriate for this purpose?

Computer simulation

Equation

Graph

Map

Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following resulted from the growing consensus within the scientific community as to the accuracy of the Big Bang theory?

New scientific laws were created.

An older theory was supported.

Older theories were disproved.

New problems were considered untestable.

Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

When a local farmer found oil bubbling to the surface in one of his fields, he reported the information to a group of scientists. After 30 years of experimentation, the scientists develop a new theory about how oil formed beneath this location. How do you know that this information is really a theory?

The theory proves a scientific law.

Most of the data were unobservable.

The theory was developed over time.

The data describe a natural phenomenon.

Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

When a scientific investigation produces evidence that does not support the hypothesis, what can you conclude about the investigation?

A law has been formed.

A theory remains accurate.

A theory has been disproved.

More investigations need to be completed.

Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which type of model is represented in the following image?

Public Domain

Computer simulation

Graph

Map

Small-scale object

Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following statements is true regarding both theories and laws?

Test problems

Require consensus

Lead to hypotheses

Explain data

Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

A pair of scientists proposes two different theories to explain the same set of observations. Which of the following best explains the value of these competing theories?

Competing theories can be a source of new, testable ideas.

Competing theories are necessary to transform a theory into a law.

Competing theories generate controversy that helps popularize ideas.

Competing theories allow scientists to combine the most interesting aspects of both theories.

Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Scott stated the following series of observations. Which represents a theory?

I observed three stars in the sky.

The stars give off light.

Light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second.

Stars are balls of hot gases.

Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following objects would require the use of a large-scale model?

An atom

A car engine

A frog’s heart

The Mississippi River

Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which best describes how equations are used in science?

An equation is a type of graph.

An equation is a type of theory.

Equations use symbols to represent data.

Equations show the locations of distant objects.

Assume your hybrid car gets 38.0 miles per gallon (mpg) and the current price per gallon of regular, unleaded gasoline is $2. The car’s gas tank…

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1. Assume your hybrid car gets 38.0 miles per gallon (mpg) and the current price per gallon of regular, unleaded gasoline is $2.52. The car’s gas tank holds 11.5 gallons.

 a. How far (in km) can the car travel on a tank of gas?

b. What will be the cost of gasoline for a 160-mile trip?

c. How far (in miles and km) can the car travel on $10.00 worth of gas?

2. The world record for an adult male running 1.00 mile is 3.72 min. Calculate this speed in m/sec.

3. Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes, with a volume of 2900 mi3 . How many liters of water are contained in Lake Superior?

4. If the average American throws away 4.5 lb of trash each day, and the population of the US is estimated to be 311 million people, calculated the number of metric tons of garbage thrown away in the US each year.

(1 metric ton (t) = 1000 kg, assume 365 days in a year)

5. A hectacre (1.0000 x 104 m2 ) is a metric unit of area analogous to an acre. How many square feet are in a 5.0 hectare farm?

 6. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill released approx. 35000 barrels of crude oil per day into the Gulf of Mexico for 87 days. An oil barrel is defined as 42 gal. a. Calculate the rate of crude oil released in L/hour. (Assume 24 hr in one day.)

b. A case of water at a local “warehouse store” contains forty (40) 500. mL bottles. The total volume of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was equivalent to how many cases of water?

7. It requires1200 kg of coal to produce the energy needed to make 1.0 kg of aluminum metal. If a single soda can requires approx. 15 g of Al, what mass of coal would be needed to produce a six-pack of cans?

8. A recreational runner has an average speed of 5.9 mph. How many km does she cover in 98 min?

9. The daily dose of ampicillin for the treatment of an ear infection is 115 mg/kg of body weight. If ampicillin tablets are available in 250. mg size, calculate the number of tablets that a 33.5 lb child must take per day.

10. The density of pure copper is 8.89 g/cm3 (at 20 ˚C).

a. Calculate the mass in kg of a copper cube with dimensions 1 ft 4 in on all three sides.

b. Calculate the volume in in3 of a 5.0 kg bar of copper.

11. A spherical basketball has a diameter of 10. inches, and is inflated to a total air pressure of 1.6 atmospheres. a. Calculate the volume of the basketball in L.

b. Calculate the total air pressure in units of psi (pounds per square inch).

12. Six concrete posts are used to support a waterfront pier. Each post has dimensions 14 in x 14 in x 15 ft. The average density of the concrete is 2.4 g/cm3 .

a. Calculate the total surface area (in m2 ) of one post.

b. Calculate the volume of concrete (in m3 ) needed to make one post.

c. Calculate the total mass in metric tons (t) of all six concrete posts.

13. Earth’s surface area is 5.1 x 108 km2 , its crust has an average thickness of 35 km and an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 . The two rarest (non-radioactive) elements in the crust are ruthenium and rhodium, each with an abundance of 1.0 x 10-4 g/metric ton crust. What is the total mass of these two elements in the earth’s crust?

PHIL220—-DB9

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DAVID HUME’S “On Miracles” (Section X of The Enquiry)   http://18th.eserver.org/hume-enquiry.html 

On Hume’s view, even if a miracle happens (e.g. a piece of lead floats around our head or we see Jesus crucified and dead and then walking around three days later), it is never rational to believe it happened.  In other words, we should not believe that a 12 lbs. piece of lead floated around our head and that Jesus actually rose from the dead because it is contrary to our experience of the world–lead doesn’t float around our heads and people do not rise from the dead.  

(CHOOSE: 1a or 1b)

1a: Now, some philosophers think that this epistemic view is too strong and that it might impede scientific progress.  What do you think?  From what you know of wild things in science (now and in the last 200 years) would scientists have made less progress if they followed Hume’s conservative epistemic view? Give specific examples to illustrate your view.

1b: PowerPoint Lecture: Give examples of God’s possible action in your life through both primary causation and secondary causation (see my story from Chemsford, England).  And, do you think we should say God’s action through secondary causation (like Ridley Scott’s view of the parting of the Red Sea) is a miracle?  

HUME’S PART 2:  BUT-IN-FACT, the testimony for miracles is (usually) horrible for four reasons: 

(2) Explain one of the first three but-in-fact arguments that Hume gives and defend his view with an example in the last 100 years (miracle claims, supernatural claims, UFOs, BigFoot, Nessie, Bat Boy, etc.).

(3) William Lane Craig’s online article, “The Resurrection of Jesus” http://www.reasonablefaith.org/the-resurrection-of-jesus   What is the best piece of evidence in defense of the view that Jesus was raised from the dead?

(4) After reading the article or watching video by William Lane Craig, explain some of  the facts around the resurrection of Jesus (use short quotes and give us page numbers) and tell us which explanation is most reliable:  Jesus was raised from the dead by God; Jesus’ unknown twin brother stole the body and destroyed it and impersonated Jesus;  the disciples lied and made it up; the disciples saw appearances of Jesus and we just don’t know how to explain it – they saw Jesus but it can’t be true that Jesus rose from the dead; Etc. 

(5) Rowe chapter pp. 145-146.  Answer one of the “Topics for Review” questions, and one of the “Topics for Further Study” questions. Type out the whole questions and cite the text with page numbers.  

(6) Critical Comment and Question from the Rowe chapter.  E.g. Examine atheist C.D. Broad’s argument from indirect evidence being stronger than the disciples’ testimony, the 17th century philosophers’ argument that even mentally disabled people can know if a man is dead and if he is alive, etc.  

Choose one (or more) to answer: 

A. Find a good miracle video on YouTube and evaluate it.  Or, evaluate this one of two cases: (1) a woman escaping through a solid window in a river; and )2) an angel talking to the police to find a baby in a car.  https://youtu.be/X4JLHnRX1WE 

B. Critique the “Zeitgeist” film’s argument that if the concept of a dying and rising god was present in Egytian lore and other religions, then it shows that the Christian case is false, a priori.  C.S. Lewis thought that if it hadn’t been in other religions we would not have recognized it; and that the difference in the case of Jesus is that it actually happened this time.  So the argument is null and void.  Do you agree with Lewis or Zeitgeist?  Explain. 

(C) Tell us a spring tradition (e.g. Easter, March Madness, spring break, etc.) in your family that you are fond of. 

What pressure (atm) would a mixture of 3.2 g of O2, 1.6 g of CH4 and 6.4 g of S2 exert when placed in a 11.2 L container at 273C? What is the mole

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What pressure (atm) would a mixture of 3.2 g of O2, 1.6 g of CH4 and 6.4 g of S2 exert when placed in a 11.2 L container at 273C? What is the mole fraction of CH4 in the previous problem?

0 kg astronaut pushed to the left of a spacecraft with a force F in gravity free space, The spacecraft has a total mass of 1.0 x 10(4)kg.

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A 70.0 kg astronaut pushed to the left of a spacecraft with a force F in gravity free space, The spacecraft has a total mass of 1.0 x 10(4)kg. During the push, the astronaut accelerates to the right with an acceleration of 0.36 m/s(2). Determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the spacecraft.

discussion- nicohwilliam only

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There is no question that the Earth is warmer than it was just a few decades ago. Most scientists believe that it is human induced, and some politicians believe that it is all natural. Whether it is the result of our actions, or is exclusively natural, we are seeing numerous consequences as a result of this warming. Discuss a change that has resulted already from climate change. Be sure to mention the impact of the consequence and what we can do to counteract it. Alternatively, you may choose a change that is predicted to occur in the future and what we can do to prevent it. You must choose general events, such as increased storms or sea level rise, but specific consequences.

Please do a discussion board piece, doesn’t have to be long but does need to be cited and referenced.

Which pair below cannot have a Brnsted-Lowry acid base reaction between them?

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  1. Which pair below cannot have a Brønsted-Lowry acid base reaction between them?
  2. a.OH- and NH
  3. b.PO43- and ClO-
  4. c.HCO3- and SO32-
  5. d.HClO4 and HNO2
  6. e.HSO4- and HCl

Light is gathered from a distant galaxy and one of the spectral lines of Calcium is observed at 413.26 nm when it should be 393.37 nm. (a) Find the…

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Light is gathered from a distant galaxy and one of the spectral lines of Calcium is observed at 413.26 nm when it should be 393.37 nm. (a) Find the velocity of this galaxy (hint: Doppler formula). (b) Find the distance to this galaxy (hint: Hubble Law).